![]() ![]() Nephrotic syndrome: A dramatic increase in α-2 globulins is often seen (due to VLDL and α-2 macroglobulin).They also tend to remain elevated in chronic inflammatory conditions. Raised serum levels are the result of increased hepatic synthesis mediated by cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNFα ). Acute phase reactants are a diverse group of proteins that increase in serum very rapidly (within 12-24 hours) following tissue injury of any cause (inflammation, acute bacterial and viral infections, necrosis, neoplasia, trauma). Acute phase reactant response: This usually results in increased α (especially α-2) globulins.Increases in total globulins can result from increases in any or all of the fractions as determined by electrophoresis. Increased globulin concentration (hyperglobulinemia) Drugs: Corticosteroids in dogs will cause a sharp almost monoclonal-like peak in the α-2 region due to increases in haptoglobin.Lipemia, hemolysis, and icterus: The interferences of measurement depends on that of total protein and albumin.Serum and plasma Anticoagulant Stability Interferences ![]() The concentration of globulins is measured in g/dL (conventional units) and g/L (SI units). Units of measurement (link to conversion calculator) Radial immunodiffusion is used for accurate quantification of immunoglobulins and has also replaced immunoelectophoresis for determining the immunoglobulin comprising a monoclonal gammopathy. To circumvent this issue globulins can also be measured quantitively and qualitatively with electrophoresis. The certainty of the globulin concentration is limited by the accuracy of calculated total protein and albumin concentrations. The principal behind this method of quantification is the fact that all serum proteins, except albumin, are considered to be globulins. The globulin value on the chemistry panel is not measured, but is calculated by the equation: While only a few electrophoretic patterns are pathognomic for a specific disease, useful information of a more general nature often can be found. As such, important information aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory conditions can be obtained by further characterizing the globulin fraction by electrophoresis (ELP) of serum proteins (SPE). These include the acute phase proteins and the immunoglobulins (Igs). Included in the globulins are specific groups of proteins that are produced in response to inflammatory stimuli. Although knowledge of the total globulin concentration is useful, it gives no information about the distribution of the different types of proteins within that total. In contrast to the situation with albumin, which is a single protein, there are hundreds of different proteins included in the globulins. The globulins consist of all non-albumin proteins. ↑ infectious or inflammatory dis., liver disease, B or plasma cell neoplasia (EMP, MM, lymphoma) (particularly mucosa), liver disease, plasma cell neoplasia (EMP, MM) ↑ infectious or inflammatory dis., liver disease, B cell neoplasia (lymphoma, macroglobulinemia) On bacteria, promotes the binding of complement ↑ causes of hypercholesterolemia (inherited, nephrotic syndrome, DM, pancreatitis, hypothyroidism, HAC, cholestasis) ↓ hemolytic disease, chronic active liver disease disease, chronic liver disease, iron overload ↑ causes of hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia (inherited lipoprotein disorders, nephrotic syndrome, DM, hypothyroidism, HAC, pancreatitis, hepatic lipidosis) Α-2 lipoprotein (VLDL) May migrate as early b-1 in some species. ↓ sepsis, portosystemic shunts, liver disease, inherited (human and horse) Inhibitor of activated coagulation factors FVIII and FV ↑ nephrotic syndrome, chronic active liver disease, acute infl. ↓ in DIC, liver disease, protein-losing disorders (renal, GI) ![]() ↑ acute phase response (possible in cats) Inhibitor of thrombin and other clotting factors ↑ causes of hypercholesterolemia (inherited, nephrotic syndrome, DM, pancreatitis, hypothyroidism, cholestasis) Lipid transport – reverse cholesterol transport GlobulinsĪnti-inflammatory andimmunomodulatory functions The third fraction known as γ globulins consists of the immunoglobulins: IgM, IgA, and IgG. A few examples of globulin proteins are found in the table below. α globulins consist of α-1 and α-2 globulins, and β globulins consist of β-1 and β-2 globulins. Most of the α and β globulins are synthesized by the liver, whereas γ globulins are produced by lymphocytes and plasma cells in lymphoid tissue. Globulins can be divided into three fractions based on their electrophoretic mobility. ![]()
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